Major depression one of the most common mental illnesses in existence. Psychotherapies. Irritability. Bipolar Disorder 1. Depression is a common problem among older adults, but clinical depression is not a normal part of aging. Major depression, which includes symptoms of depression most of the time for at least 2 weeks that typically interfere with one’s ability to work, sleep, study, and eat. For example: “The number of symptoms is substantially in excess of that required to make the diagnosis, the intensity of the symptoms is seriously distressing and unmanageable, and. Enter psychedelic treatments. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), which often includes less severe symptoms of depression that last much longer, typically for at least 2 years. Thoughts of death or suicide. The current edition of the diagnostic manual is the DSM-5 and is one of the primary tools used in the diagnosis of depressive. Nevertheless, while each system can be inspected at every omics. This number represented 8. Changes in sleep. Elimination disorders. Depression is a mental disorder characterized by low mood and anhedonia that involves abnormalities in multiple brain regions and networks. In a FDA-sponsored study, George and colleagues [ 133 ], evaluated the effect of daily, 10-Hz rTMS (3000 pulses/day) over the left DLPFC in 199 treatment-resistant MDD without concomitant antidepressant use. 3% of all U. U. Depression is very common. adults -- 15 million Americans -- suffer depression each year. Exact cause is unknown but probably involves heredity, changes in neurotransmitter levels, altered neuroendocrine function, and psychosocial factors. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is considered by many to be a mental health condition that can manifest at least five of the major symptoms of depression for at least two weeks. adults aged 18 or older with major depressive episode received treatment in the past. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. SED. The main symptom of depression is typically a lingering low, sad, or hopeless mood, while anxiety mainly involves overwhelming. Depression is among the top predictors of mortality and substandard daily functioning in North America, second only to cardiovascular disorders (Wells et al. It does not include recommendations for MDD subtypes (e. |. Up to a third of clinically depressed people engage in drug or alcohol abuse. Introduction. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder:. Persistent. 1. 5. 5 million adults experienced MDD in the past year and 34 million will experience it at some point, and. 15% of youth (3. A candidate attribute could be expressed in more than one way, depending upon an individual’s experience with MDD. 1 The Global Burden of Disease study 2 identified depression as having the third greatest impact in terms of disability-adjusted life- years in Europe and the greatest impact of all physical and mental diseases in the Americas. When you’re depressed, you may. 7 million) ages 12-17 are affected by major depression. The term mild depression may refer to the severity of major depressive disorder, which can be described as being mild, moderate, or severe. 8 And, a Norwegian study showed that 24% of women suffer major depression at some point in their lives and 13. In. As duration increases, depressed mood can become a symptom of an emotional disorder. 12. Abstract. This helps explain why this mental health disorder continues to be the leading cause of disability for people between the ages of 15 and 44, according to the Anxiety and Depression Association of. disorder, the largest percentage of prisoners (24%) and jail inmates (31%) reported they had a major depressive disorder. • Medical conditions can contribute to depressive symptoms. It can affect the way you feel, act, and think. It may also refer to chronic low-grade depression that is a symptom of persistent depressive disorder (PDD), formerly known as dysthymia or dysthymic disorder. has a Spanish-language phone line at 1-888-628-9454 (toll-free). Prevention. Depression — also known as major depressive disorder or clinical depression — is a common but serious mood disorder that can interfere with how people feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. It happens when at least two different first-line antidepressants aren’t enough to manage the condition during a depressive episode. 05 Intellectual disorder 12. Most people feel this way once in a while. Delirium. Read more about STAR*DA 2008 VA study estimated that about 1 in 3 (33. 7-fold increased risk of developing major depressive disorder. In the post-genomic era, genetics has led to limited clinical applications in the diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). These treatments have changed the lives of countless patients. MDD is considered by experts to be both a classification of depressive disorders and a specific condition. 1 Depression is disabling and costly, 2-9 with an estimated $210 billion annual medical care and lost. Bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic depression) is. This appendix sets out an approach to the classification of depression that was used in the development of this guideline and the depression guideline update (NCCMH, 2010) (including the analysis of the evidence and the development of recommendations) and will be of value in routine clinical use. S. provide any documents or proof required in applying for benefits, and help you develop a plan for your treatment along the way. An applicant’s depressive disorder must satisfy requirements A and B or must satisfy requirement C in section 12. Seasonal affective disorder. 1 Symptoms of MDD range from mild irritability to an extremely low mood with suicidal thoughts, and can also affect sleep and appetite. Between 15 to 20 out of every 100 people (15-20%) experience major depression in their lifetime. 07 Somatic symptom and related disorders 12. Foods high in probiotics include yogurt, kefir, kimchi, and kombucha. There is hope! Why Patients Choose Neurostim TMS for Alternative Depression Treatment in Spokane16. persistent sad or low mood. Background Depression is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease, and it has particularly negative consequences for elderly patients. adults and a 12-month prevalence of about 7 percent; about 13. D. refers to children who have a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder that results in163 million (2017) [8] Major depressive disorder ( MDD ), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder [9] characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities. 13. What is treatment-resistant depression? Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a type of major depressive disorder (MDD). Along with population growth and aging, the number of. The good news is that treatments can be. 0 million adults in the United States had at least one major depressive episode. Fortunately, it is also treatable. Depression is the principal cause of illness and disability in the world. Published: Nov. Mayo Clinic. Behavioral Therapy. The variability in response to antidepressive treatments mostly derives from the heterogeneity of depression. Background. Key Points. 7%-12% . 4 Depressive disorders are strongly linked to mortality, through suicide and as a result of suboptimal outcomes in the care and treatment of other medical conditions. 81, No. If you find yourself experiencing any of the symptoms or relating in any way to major depression disorder, you should seek assistance from a medical professional. Major Depressive Disorder A Quick Reference Guide Based on Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Third Edition, originally published in October 2010. The burden of mental disorders has been increasing worldwide (Vigo et al. Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome. Types of major depression include melancholia, psychotic and antenatal or postnatal. (Journal of the American Medical Association, 2003; Jun 18; 289(23): 3095-105) 1. 2 Other commonly documented co-occurring mental disorders include. It causes individual suffering, loss of productivity, increased health care costs and high suicide risk. 2022 Oct;175 (10):1440-1451. You may be diagnosed with mild, moderate or severe depression. MDD is a chronic, recurrent illness; the recurrence rate is about 50% after the first episode, 70% after the second episode, and 90% after the third. 9, 4. Patients require frequent visits early in treatment to assess response to. Depression is a serious mood disorder. Book an appointment today! LIST YOUR PRACTICE ; Dentist ; Pharmacy ; Search . In addition, initial presentation with social phobia was associated with a 5. • African Americans are treated for depression less often than Caucasians; however, they are 40% more likely to experience depression than Caucasians or Hispanics. Introduction. Major depressive disorder (MDD): Major depressive disorder causes symptoms of depression that last for at least two weeks. Clinical depression, or major depressive disorder, is often just called “depression. Symptom severity predicts the initial mode of treatment ranging from psychotherapy to medications to combination treatment. S. 1, 2 In the US, about 7%–9% of the adult population experiences a major depressive episode (MDE) each year and an estimated 8 million (3. unexplained aches and pains. loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities. 5). Having an “empty” mood. Find a doctor near you. MDD often first presents in adolescence [ 2, 3 ], and the onset of. has a Spanish-language phone line at 1-888-628-9454 (toll-free). For more mental health resources, see our National Helpline Database. Whereas treatment with a single antidepressant (ATD) is a recommended first-line treatment, 2 ATD monotherapy produces an approximately 60% response rate and remission rates of around only 40%. Age-of-onset. In time, you may find your sleep improves. Exercise can also help with depression. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychiatric condition that significantly impairs quality of life. During a depressive episode, people feel like they're in a deep, dark pit. In terms of the ADA, a mental impairment includes mental or psychological disorders (as defined by the DSM-V) such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders. Among those who received treatment, only 41. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Primer Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by persistent, often daily, low mood and/or decreased interest (anhedonia). Psychotic depression is a subtype of major depression that occurs when a severe depressive illness includes some form of psychosis. major depressive disorder, they share symptoms like loss of interest in normal daily activities, hopelessness, lack of productivity, low self-esteem, and an overall feeling of inadequacy and emptiness. Brain stimulation therapies. Major depressive disorder is a leading cause of disability in the United States. Evrensel and colleagues shed light on neuroinflammation and the gut-microbiota-brain axis in major depressive disorder via their interesting review [ 6 ]. g. 3% [6] Obsessive–compulsive disorder ( OCD) is a mental and behavioral disorder in which an individual has intrusive thoughts (an obsession) and feels the need to perform certain routines ( compulsions) repeatedly to relieve the distress caused by the obsession, to the extent where it impairs general function. Claire SzewczykAugust 25, 2023. Globally, mental illness affects approximately 22% of the population []. Introduction. Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss of interest in activities once enjoyed. S. 4% worldwide []. By Dean Seal. S. The decision to have four sessions of psychoeducation was based on a study that demonstrated that this treatment length was associated with. A. 3 – 5 The cognitive, emotional, and physical. The Issue. Feelings of hopelessness, or pessimism. CDC; 4. Sometimes it leads to suicide. Substance use disorders occur when the recurrent use of alcohol and/or drugs causes clinically significant impairment, including health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. These SCPs facilitate the application of current evidence and adequate treatment, which potentially benefit patients with mood disorders. If you or someone you know is struggling with depression, you can find helpful information and resources in this pdf document from the Federal Bureau of Prisons. Prescribed medications work for many people who suffer from depression. Book an appointment today!Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a technological breakthrough in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD), Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSD),. S. Association of translocator protein total distribution volume with duration of untreated major depressive disorder: A cross-sectional study. the Psychiatric Evaluation of Adults. Cognitive symptoms, including poor concentration and difficulty making decisions, are one of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. Depression, or major depressive disorder (MDD) as it is defined by the American Psychiatric Association, is a mood disorder marked by a substantial decrease in quality of life, in a number of different areas. The term major depressive disorder (MDD) was first introduced by clinicians in the United States during the 1970s. The USPSTF published a level B recommendation for screening for depression in the general adult population (18 years. Depressive disorders are common, costly, have a strong effect on quality of life, and are associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. The. 4%) meet criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD). In 2008, WHO ranked major depression as the third cause of burden of disease worldwide and projected that the disease will rank first by 2030. 4 Depression is a disorder of the brain. Depression can be a serious health problem, but treatment can help. . ‘Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are often used in tandem to effectively treat depression. Anxiety, agitation or restlessness. 3%) Veterans visiting primary care clinics have some symptoms of depression; 1 in 5 (20%) have serious symptoms that suggest the need for further evaluation for Major Depressive Disorder; and 1 in 8 (12. Depression, however, is a serious mental health issue where sadness, flat or low mood, or a sense of ‘emptiness’ is prolonged – lasting weeks, months and sometimes years. Overview of Treatment;. Figure 15. 6% of adults aged 18 and over with regular feelings of depression. This is because changes in survey methodology. The prevalence of depresive disorder is higher among women compared to men, and is approximately. Its most prevalent symptom includes persistent sadness and losing the ability to. Or text 838255. Find the best doctors for treating Major Depressive Disorder in Federal Way. 1%) made at least one visit to a service provider. Major depression is a common and often disabling illness with significant morbidity and mortality. difficulty focusing. Or chat online. According to the DSM-5, you’re two to four times more likely to develop MDD if a first-degree relative also has the condition. to present within the same. National prescription patterns of antidepressants in the treatment of adults with major depression in the US between. Book an appointment today! See full list on mayoclinic. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, 2nd Edition. Dysthymic disorder is similar to major depression, but with fewer severe symptoms that persist for at least 2 years. 2% of adults with a lifetime history of DSM-IV major depressive disorder (n = 2726) obtained treatment that they considered helpful; other patients stopped seeking. Each type of neurotransmitter can carry a different message and plays a unique role in creating an individual's brain chemistry. 5 million adults (or 1 in every 14 adults) in the United States had depression that needed treatment. Substance/medication-induced mental disorders refer to depressive, anxiety, psychotic, or manic symptoms that occur as a physiological consequence of the use of substances of abuse or medications. Treatment during the acute phase of a major depressive episode aims to help the patient reach a remission state and eventually return to their baseline level of functioning. Depression is a. The prevalence of MDD over 12 months is about 6. What your health care provider recommends depends on factors such as: How severe your symptoms are. Bed-wetting (enuresis) is an example. Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder and the leading cause of disability worldwide. It causes prolonged feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness, and a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyed. This literature review sought to investigate factors closely linked to outcome and summarize existing and novel strategies for improvement. Meta-analysis of randomized studies. Take on responsibilities. Antidepressants are medications commonly used to treat depression. Treatment-resistant depression affects about 30% of people diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Introduced by a group of US clinicians in the mid-1970s, [10] the term was adopted by. Learn about the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of depression, as well as how to cope and. Pharmacological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. 155. That’s 1 in every 6. Its most prevalent symptom includes persistent sadness and losing the ability to find. 4 percent of the total overall global disease burden, a contribution similar to that of ischemic heart disease or diarrheal diseases. 2. According to DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition), major depressive disorder (MDD) with peripartum onset, formerly known as postpartum depression, is characterized by MDD symptoms that begin during pregnancy or within four weeks of delivery []. Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) patients remain a challenging sub-division of patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) in day to day clinical practice. A complete diagnosis of depres- sion should address the following: History of the present illness and current symptoms Psychiatric history, including symptoms of mania, current and past treatments (including duration and dosages), and re- sponses to treatment General medical history Overview. It is often effective, even without other treatments. These disorders relate to the inappropriate elimination of urine or stool by accident or on purpose. Affected patients have a depressed mood most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of depressive disorders. youth aged 6-17 experienced a mental health disorder in 2016 (7. Psychotherapy explores thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and seeks to improve an individual’s well-being. CDC; An estimated 4. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), which often includes less severe symptoms of depression that last much longer, typically for at least 2 years. Federal government websites often end in . Everyone feels sad, moody or low from time to time. 3% suffer from dysthymia, while 10% of males suffer from major depression at some point, and 6%. 8 36. The similarityAbstract. Understanding Your Options How do depression treatments compare? There are many ways to treat depression. S. Medications: Certain medications —including beta blockers, corticosteroids, and benzodiazepines—may trigger or worsen depressive symptoms. 03 Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders 12. Make sure the person is safe. Some antidepressants can cause significant withdrawal-like symptoms unless you slowly taper off your dose. About two-thirds of the individuals with MDD contemplate suicide, and about 10 to 15 percent commit suicide. Major depressive disorder. Rating agencies must be thoroughly familiar with this manual to properly implement the directives in § 4. Major depression (often called clinical depression) is a severe form of depression, including a number of the above signs and symptoms experienced for longer than two weeks. Symptoms can be moderate to severe, with addiction being the most severe form of SUD. 3%) Veterans visiting primary care clinics have some symptoms of depression; 1 in 5 (20%) have serious symptoms that suggest the need for further evaluation for Major Depressive Disorder; and 1 in 8 (12. 1 In practice, its detection, diagnosis, and management often pose challenges for clinicians. S. Improved ability to cope with daily living. We read with interest Steven Marwaha and colleagues’ Review of novel treatment options for major depressive disorder. Treatment outcomes for major depressive disorder (MDD) need to be improved. If you or a loved one is struggling with depression, contact the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) National Helpline at 1-800-662-4357 for information on support and treatment facilities in your area. Treating Major Depressive Disorder: A Quick Reference Guide is a synopsis of the American Psychiatric Association’s Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With. military members. Major depressive disorder (MDD), which is a leading psychiatric illness across the world, severely affects quality of life and causes an increased incidence of suicide. Escitalopram (16 to 20 weeks) Adolescents with major depressive disorder. Rumination. Large-scale treatment studies ranging from the STAR*D study composed of a broad range of depressed patients to the PReDicT study of never-treated depressed patients revealed, using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), remission rates of 28% and 50%, respectively (see. Major depressive disorder (MDD), or clinical depression, is a common mood disorder that can affect anyone. OBJECTIVE: Failure to recognize bipolar disorder in patients who experience a major depressive episode may lead to inappropriate treatment and poorer outcomes. Federal Register / Vol. The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was highest among individuals aged. Thankfully, major depressive disorder has become much less stigmatized in recent years. 2. These feelings persist and can interfere with your everyday life. Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things. Findings In a randomized, placebo-controlled, 6-week trial in 104 adults, a 25-mg dose of psilocybin administered with psychological support was associated with a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect, measured as change in depressive. Learn about the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of depression, as well as how to cope and prevent relapse. Cognitive. Depression is a common medical and mental health condition that causes sadness or loss of interest (apathy) in your everyday life. , 2016; World Health Organization(Who), 2017). Substance abuse: Alcohol or drug abuse can increase your risk. 9 Other risk factors for the development of major depressive disorder include being divorced or separated, 10 previous episodes of depression, elevated. 6% of U. Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia), which often includes less severe symptoms of depression that last much longer, typically for at least 2 years. It’s. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most-prescribed medications for depression today. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. . Here is what you should know about treatment- resistant depression and the range of options for treatment. Find top doctors who treat Major Depressive Disorder near you in Federal Way, WA. The prevalence of current or lifetime comorbid anxiety disorders is estimated. One in 6 young people have experienced a major depressive episode; One in 20 Americans have lived with a serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression; Additionally, suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States. Ketamine In 2019, the FDA approved a prescription nasal spray called. and lessons from the field for the treatment of any mental illness. Globally, mental illness affects approximately 22% of the population []. adults, by demographic group: Non-Hispanic Asian: 16. Without treatment, depression can get worse and last longer. Paroxetine (8 to 12 weeks. Find top doctors who treat Major Depressive Disorder near you in Federal Way, WA. McQuaid JR, Buelt A, Capaldi V, Fuller M, Issa F, Lang AE, Hoge C, Oslin DW, Sall J, Wiechers IR, Williams S. Even though there has been an increasing number of studies investigating the optimization of treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), response rates in patients remain unsatisfactory [3, 4]. One in 6 young people have experienced a major depressive episode; One in 20 Americans have lived with a serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression; Additionally, suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States. , 2018). Major Depressive Disorder; Treatment . 8,9 Further investigation is needed to examine the treatment and prognosis of major depression that is associated either concurrently, or at other points in the patient’s history, with hypomanic symptoms. Sleep. Depression is a common problem among older adults, but clinical depression is not a normal part of aging. 5%) to 1 in 10 (10%) have major depression, requiring treatment with psychotherapy and. Depression is very common. Depression is common, recurrent, sometimes chronic, and often comorbid with anxiety and substance and alcohol use problems. The prevalence of adults with a major depressive episode was highest among. APA's Clinical Practice Guideline recommends seven psychotherapy interventions as well as a second-generation antidepressant (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—SSRIs—serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors—SNRIs—or norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitors—NDRIs) for the treatment of depression. Individuals with MDD in the acute phase undergo pharmacotherapy (e. 6%. Depression, however, is an illness with many symptoms that extend well beyond an unhappy mood. Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness. Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60: 862-866. Psychedelics have been shown to improve cognitive flexibility, stimulate neurogenesis (or build new pathways in the brain) and break through the rigidity and control. It can be more severe than some other types of depression, requires different treatments, and shares some symptoms. Irritability. disorder, the largest percentage of prisoners (24%) and jail inmates (31%) reported they had a major depressive disorder. Psychopharmacology, or medication-based treatment, is often considered as part of a treatment plan for major depressive disorder. The key is to participate in society in a meaningful way, as defined by the individual. MacMaster FP, Russell A, Mirza Y, et al. Major depression is one of the most common mental health disorders in the United States. The purpose of this review is to explore and describe patients’, caregivers’, and health care providers’ experiences and perspectives with pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). 08 Personality and impulse-control disorders 12. 504. Department of Veterans Affairs and U. Different treatment options are often combined. Epidemiological studies have estimated that 5%‐9% of women and 2%‐3% of men in the US suffer from depression at any time. Feeling worthless, hopeless, or pessimistic. 2 Million Youth Depressive Episode . For example, women are more likely to be diagnosed with major depression, while men are more likely to be diagnosed with substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder. Focus, Winter 2005: vol 3: pp 34-42. Introduction. It also carries a large economic cost. Mayo. Structured care pathways (SCPs) consist of treatment algorithms that patients advance through with the goal of achieving remission or response. Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. You may have depression if feelings of sadness or emptiness linger through most of each day for longer than. Decreased energy, fatigue, or feeling slowed down. In fact, studies show that most older adults feel satisfied with their lives, despite having more illnesses or physical problems than younger people. Crossref; Web of Science; Medline; Google. 2 It defined SMI to include: Schizophrenia. If you have depression that lasts for 2 years or longer, it's called persistent depressive disorder. There are two main types: major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder. Major depression among people with HIV is. 04. S. 1 It is a recurrent illness, averaging 2 relapses per decade. 1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]trial of inhaled nitrous oxide for treatment-resistant major depression. In fact, it was the second leading cause of death for people ages 10-24. It is the largest and longest study ever conducted to evaluate depression treatment. However, the condition does not cause any major functional impairment and can be managed with. Depression affects people in different ways and can cause a wide variety of symptoms. 20, 2023 at 8:17 a. Introduction. g. Some antidepressants can cause significant withdrawal-like symptoms unless you slowly taper off your dose. Symptoms vary from person to person, but may include sadness, hopelessness, anxiety, pessimism, irritability, worthlessness, and fatigue. A Montreal soup kitchen in 1931. Depression is one of the most common mental disorders and can cause tremendous challenge and burden for individuals and families. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a mental health disorder characterized by at least two weeks of persistently sad mood or loss of interest in activities (anhedonia), causing significant impairment in daily life functioning, accompanied by five or more symptoms including [1]: Depressed mood most of the time. They include psychological treatments, medication and general measures such as relaxation techniques. The special issue aims to provide current advances and paradigm shifts in major depressive disorders. Clinical features that could distinguish bipolar from unipolar depression would facilitate more appropriate treatment selection.